GW Approximation
The purpose of this section is to explain how to compute the energy of molecular orbitals/bands from GW for molecules/condensed phase systems with CP2K. In DFT, the energy of a molecular orbital corresponds to an eigenvalue of the Kohn-Sham matrix. In GW, the procedure for getting the level energies is to first perform a DFT calculation (commonly with the PBE or PBE0 functional) to get the molecular orbital wavefunctions and then compute a new GW energy for the molecular orbitals of interest. For an introduction into the concept of GW, please have a look at the GW Compendium or read Sec. II and the introduction to Sec. III in doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.87.235132.
The GW implementation in CP2K is based on the developments described in Wilhelm2016. The computational cost of GW is comparable to RPA and MP2 total energy calculations and therefore high. The computational cost of a canonical GW implementation grows as \(N^4\) with the system size \(N\), while the memory scales as \(N^3\) with the system size. The basis set convergence of GW is slow and therefore has to be carefully examined.
Since the calculations are rather small, please use a single MPI rank for the calculation:
mpirun -n 1 cp2k.popt H2O_GW100.inp | tee cp2k.out
1. Reproducing values from the GW100 set
See below the input for a G0W0@PBE calculation of the water molecule in a def2-QZVP basis: A PBE calculation is used for computing the molecular orbitals which can be seen from the keyword XC_FUNCTIONAL PBE. The input parameters for G0W0 are commented below. While the calculation is running, you can look up the G0W0@PBE value for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in the GW100 paper [Table 2 and 3 (column AIMS-P16/TM-no RI, molecule index 76) which should be -11.97 eV and 2.37 eV for HOMO and LUMO, respectively]. CP2K should be able to exactly reproduce these values. In the output of CP2K, the G0W0@PBE results are listed after the SCF after the headline GW quasiparticle energies.
For checking the basis set convergence, we refer to a detailed analysis in Wilhelm2016 in Fig. 2 for benzene. An extensive table of basis set extrapolated GW levels can be found in the GW100 paper (column EXTRA).
&FORCE_EVAL
METHOD Quickstep
&DFT
BASIS_SET_FILE_NAME BASIS_def2_QZVP_RI_ALL
POTENTIAL_FILE_NAME POTENTIAL
&MGRID
CUTOFF 400
REL_CUTOFF 50
&END MGRID
&QS
! all electron calculation since GW100 is all-electron test
METHOD GAPW
&END QS
&POISSON
PERIODIC NONE
PSOLVER MT
&END
&SCF
EPS_SCF 1.0E-6
SCF_GUESS ATOMIC
MAX_SCF 200
&END SCF
&XC
&XC_FUNCTIONAL PBE
&END XC_FUNCTIONAL
! GW is part of the WF_CORRELATION section
&WF_CORRELATION
&RI_RPA
! use 100 points to perform the frequency integration in GW
QUADRATURE_POINTS 100
! SIZE_FREQ_INTEG_GROUP is a group size for parallelization and
! should be increased for large calculations to prevent out of memory.
! maximum for SIZE_FREQ_INTEG_GROUP is the number of MPI tasks
&GW
! compute the G0W0@PBE energy of HOMO-9,
! HOMO-8, ... , HOMO-1, HOMO
CORR_OCC 10
! compute the G0W0@PBE energy of LUMO,
! LUMO+1, ... , LUMO+20
CORR_VIRT 20
! use the RI approximation for the exchange part of the self-energy
RI_SIGMA_X
&END GW
&END RI_RPA
&END
&END XC
&END DFT
&SUBSYS
&CELL
ABC 10.0 10.0 10.0
PERIODIC NONE
&END CELL
&COORD
O 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H 0.7571 0.0000 0.5861
H -0.7571 0.0000 0.5861
&END COORD
&TOPOLOGY
&CENTER_COORDINATES
&END
&END TOPOLOGY
&KIND H
! def2-QZVP is the basis which has been used in the GW100 paper
BASIS_SET def2-QZVP
! just use a very large RI basis to ensure excellent
! convergence with respect to the RI basis
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI-5Z
POTENTIAL ALL
&END KIND
&KIND O
BASIS_SET def2-QZVP
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI-5Z
POTENTIAL ALL
&END KIND
&END SUBSYS
&END FORCE_EVAL
&GLOBAL
RUN_TYPE ENERGY
PROJECT ALL_ELEC
PRINT_LEVEL MEDIUM
&END GLOBAL
2. Basis set extrapolation
In this section, the slow basis set convergence of GW calculations is examined. We compute the G0W0@PBE HOMO and LUMO level of the water molecule with Dunning’s cc-DZVP, cc-TZVP, cc-QZVP and cc-5ZVP all-electron basis sets and extrapolate these values to the complete basis set limit. To do so, download the cc basis sets
which has been taken from the EMSL basis set database. Run the input from Sec. 1 using the cc-DZVP to cc-5ZVP basis set (in total four calculations) by replacing the basis sets:
BASIS_SET_FILE_NAME BASIS_def2_QZVP_RI_ALL
BASIS_SET_FILE_NAME ./BASIS_H2O
&KIND H
BASIS_SET cc-DZVP-all
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI-5Z
POTENTIAL ALL
&END KIND
&KIND O
BASIS_SET cc-DZVP-all
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI-5Z
POTENTIAL ALL
&END KIND
Employ the RI-5Z basis set as RI-basis which ensures excellent convergence for the RI basis. In practice, smaller RI basis sets can be used from the EMSL database (just check the convergence with respect to the RI basis by using smaller and larger RI basis sets).
The results for the G0W0@PBE HOMO and LUMO from CP2K should be as follows:
Basis set G0W0@PBE HOMO (eV) G0W0@PBE LUMO (eV) N_basis N_card
cc-DZVP -12.480 4.770 23 2
cc-TZVP -12.417 3.424 57 3
cc-QZVP -12.180 2.773 114 4
cc-5ZVP -12.108 2.088 200 5
Extrapolation using cc-TZVP to cc-5ZVP
with 1/N_card^3 -12.02 +/- 0.01 1.90 +/- 0.29
with 1/N_basis -11.97 +/- 0.02 1.71 +/- 0.29
GW100 -12.05 2.01
For the extrapolation, two schemes have been used as described in the GW100 paper and its supporting information. The first scheme employs a linear fit on the HOMO or LUMO values when they are plotted against the inverse cardinal number \(N_\text{card}\) of the basis set while the second scheme extrapolates versus the inverse number of basis functions \(N_\text{basis}\) which can be computed as sum of the number of occupied orbitals and the number of virtual orbitals as printed in RI_INFO in the output. You can check the extrapolation from the table above with your tool of choice.
The basis set extrapolated values from the table above deviate from the values reported in the GW100 paper, probably because only two basis sets (def2-TZVP, def2-QZVP) have been used in the GW100 paper for the extrapolation. The extrapolation for the LUMO is not working well because one would need much more diffuse functions to represent unbound electronic levels (with positive energy).
Often, the HOMO-LUMO gap is of interest. In this case, augmented basis sets (e.g. from the EMSL database) can offer an alternative for very fast basis set convergence, see also Fig. 2b in Wilhelm2016.
3. Input for large-scale calculations
An exemplary input for a parallel calculation can be found in the supporting information of Wilhelm2016 [2]. The emphasis is on the parameters SIZE_FREQ_INTEG_GROUP and NUMBER_PROC which should be increased for larger calculations. In case of a too small number, the code will crash due to out of memory while a too large number results in slow speed. Typically, one starts for large-scale calculations from a small molecule. When increasing the system size, the parameters SIZE_FREQ_INTEG_GROUP and NUMBER_PROC should be both increased to avoid a crash due to out of memory. The maximum number for both parameters is the number of MPI tasks. Also, the number of nodes should be increased with \(N^3_\text{atoms}\) to account for the scaling of the memory of GW.
4. Self-consistent GW calculations and DFT starting point
The G0W0@PBE HOMO value of the H2O molecule (~ -12.0 eV) is not in good agreement with the experimental ionization potential (12.62 eV). Benchmarks on molecules and solids indicate that self-consistency of eigenvalues in the Green’s function G improves the agreement between the GW calculation and experiment. This scheme is called GW0@PBE and is our favorite GW flavor so far (experience based on nano-sized aromatic molecules). You can also check this video or the GW Compendium on which DFT starting functional and which self-consistency scheme could be good for your system.
You can run GW0 calculations in CP2K by putting
&GW
SC_GW0_ITER 10
CORR_OCC 10
CORR_VIRT 20
RI_SIGMA_X
&END GW
“SC_GW0_ITER 10” means that at most ten iterations in the eigenvalues of G are performed. In case convergence is found, the code terminates earlier. “SC_GW0_ITER 1” corresponds to G0W0.
5. GW for 2D materials: Example monolayer MoS2
There is also a periodic GW implementation Graml2023 in CP2K that targets large cells of 2D materials, for example defects or moiré structures.
For computing the G0W0@LDA quasiparticle energy levels of monolayer MoS2, please use the input file
&GLOBAL
PROJECT MoS2
RUN_TYPE ENERGY
&END GLOBAL
&FORCE_EVAL
METHOD Quickstep
&DFT
BASIS_SET_FILE_NAME BASIS_PERIODIC_GW
POTENTIAL_FILE_NAME GTH_SOC_POTENTIALS
SORT_BASIS EXP
&MGRID
CUTOFF 500
REL_CUTOFF 100
&END MGRID
&QS
METHOD GPW
EPS_DEFAULT 1.0E-12
EPS_PGF_ORB 1.0E-12
&END QS
&SCF
SCF_GUESS RESTART
EPS_SCF 1.0E-9
MAX_SCF 100
&MIXING
METHOD BROYDEN_MIXING
ALPHA 0.1
BETA 1.5
NBROYDEN 8
&END
&END SCF
&XC
&XC_FUNCTIONAL LDA
&END XC_FUNCTIONAL
&END XC
&END DFT
&PROPERTIES
&BANDSTRUCTURE
&DOS
! k-point mesh for the self-energy
KPOINTS 2 2 1
&END
&GW
! for details on parameters, please consult
! manual.cp2k.org/trunk/CP2K_INPUT/FORCE_EVAL/PROPERTIES/BANDSTRUCTURE/GW.html
NUM_TIME_FREQ_POINTS 10
MEMORY_PER_PROC 8
EPS_FILTER 1.0E-6
&END
&SOC
&END
&END
&END PROPERTIES
&SUBSYS
&CELL
ABC 3.15 3.15 15.0
ALPHA_BETA_GAMMA 90 90 120
PERIODIC XY
! the calculation is on a 9x9 supercell with 243 atoms
MULTIPLE_UNIT_CELL 9 9 1
&END CELL
&TOPOLOGY
MULTIPLE_UNIT_CELL 9 9 1
&END TOPOLOGY
&KIND S
BASIS_SET ORB TZVP-MOLOPT-GTH_upscaled
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI
POTENTIAL GTH-PADE-q6
&END KIND
&KIND Se
BASIS_SET ORB TZVP-MOLOPT-GTH_upscaled
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI
POTENTIAL GTH-PADE-q6
&END KIND
&KIND Mo
BASIS_SET ORB TZVP-MOLOPT-GTH_upscaled
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI
POTENTIAL GTH-PADE-q14
&END KIND
&KIND W
BASIS_SET ORB TZVP-MOLOPT-GTH_upscaled
BASIS_SET RI_AUX RI
POTENTIAL GTH-PADE-q14
&END KIND
&COORD
Mo 0.00000 1.81865 3.07500
S 0.00000 3.63731 1.48830
S 0.00000 3.63731 4.66170
&END COORD
&END SUBSYS
&END FORCE_EVAL
Running the input file requires access to a large computer (the calculation took 2.5 hours on 32 nodes on Noctua2 cluster in Paderborn). You find the input and output files here:
https://github.com/JWilhelm/GW_input_MoS2_9x9_cell
The quasiparticle levels are printed to the files SCF_and_G0W0_band_structure_for_kpoint_xyz.
Some remarks:
You can find the G0W0 bandgap in the cp2k output file in the line
G0W0 indirect band gap (eV): 2.470
See also the documentation of relevant keywords like NUM_TIME_FREQ_POINTS, MEMORY_PER_PROC, and EPS_FILTER.
The computational parameters from the input file reach numerical convergence of the band gap within ~ 50 meV (TZVP basis set, 10 time/frequency points). Detailed convergence test is available in the SI, Table S1 of Graml2023 (SI is an ancillary file that can be downloaded via arXiv:2306.16066v1 “Download source”). We recommend the numerical parameters from the input file for large-scale GW calculations.
The code also outputs SOC splittings of the levels based on the SOC parameters from Hartwigsen-Goedecker-Hutter pseudopotentials Hartwigsen1998. DFT eigenvalues with SOC are printed to the files SCF+SOC_band_structure_for_kpoint_xyz.
The code prints restart files with ending .matrix that can be used to restart a crashed calculation.
In case anything does not work, please feel free to contact jan.wilhelm (at) ur.de.